Testosterone drives much of the enhanced athletic performance of males through in utero, early life, and adult exposure. Many anatomical sex differences driven by testosterone are not reversible. Hemoglobin levels and muscle mass are sensitive to adult life testosterone levels, with hemoglobin being the most responsive. Studies in transgender women, and androgen-deprivation treated cancer patients, show muscle mass is retained for many months, even years, and that co-comittant exercise mitigates muscle loss. Given that sports are currently segregated into male and female divisions because of superior male athletic performance, and that estrogen therapy will not reverse most athletic performance parameters, it follows that transgender women will enter the female division with an inherent advantage because of their prior male physiology.

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Great article!!

The title of the study annoys me as there are NO elite "trans" athletes. These males are not elite athletes in any way. If they were elite they would be dominating in the male divisions. Bruce Jenner was actually one of the greatest American elite athletes and an Olympian in his day. He captured the hearts of Americans and much of the world. He now calls himself Caitlin. And he does NOT compete as a "trans" athlete. He plays high level golf amateru charity tournaments but does NOTplay against women athletes.

Saved, thanks for posting.

Now if we can just insert this as a citation in any "transwomen have no advantage" arguments.

This has become more and more self evident as these Feminized Men ( adult Male) compete in Women's Sports.

The boards of each individual Women's Sports that run the gambit of Sports that can be played, have a majority of men on them. How long will it take them to have their "come to Jesus moment?"

The TRA response of TIMs having the same levels of Estrogen and Testosterone as Female athletes implodes in the face of REALITY.